QUESTIONS (Answers are immediately below the questions)

Question 1

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

lateral ventricles.
third and fourth ventricles.
fourth ventricle and the central canal.
left and right hemispheres.

Question 2

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing “The Organization of Behavior” is

Sperry
Hebb
Lashley
Milner

Question 3

Endorphins are

Neuropeptides
Monoamines
adrenergic
Serotonergic

Question 4

The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.

emotional; sensorimotor
visual; temporal
spatial; visual
sensory; emotional

Question 5

Most of the cones are concentrated in the

nasal hemiretinas.
temporal hemiretinas.
foveas
periphery of the retinas.

Question 6

Another name for primary visual cortex is

lateral geniculate cortex.
retinocortes
striate cortex.
optic cortex.

Question 7

The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for

spatial locations.
sounds
names
odors

Question 8

Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.

agonists
antagonists
autoreceptors
endorphins

Question 9

At 18 days after conception, this structure becomes visible in the developing embryo; it is the neural

mesoderm
tube
plate
floor

Question 10

In the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.

epinephrine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
dopamine

Question 11

Action potentials are produced by the

opening of voltage-activated sodium channels.
closing of ligand-activated chloride channels.
opening of ligand-activated potassium channels.
closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.

Question 12

A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called

apraxia
asomatognosia
Sterognosia
Asterognosia

Question 13

The first evidence that new neurons can be created in the brains of adult vertebrates came in the 1980s from the study of

the hippocampus.
the olfactory bulbs.
songbirds
hamsters

Question 14

Which of the following is a small indentation?

fovea
retina
amacrine layer
pupil

Question 15

Myelination

causes neural degeneration.
penetrates the blood brain barrier.
increases the speed of axonal conduction.
increases the speed of synaptic transmission.

Question 16

Bilateral destruction of which of the following auditory structures would be most likely to produce complete and permanent hearing loss?

primary auditory cortex
superior colliculus
cochlear nerve
association cortex

Question 17

Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease because

dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS.
Parkinson’s disease is a cholinergic dysfunction.
Parkinson’s disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction.
dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

Question 18

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called

LTP
an engram.
a memorial.
synaptic facilitation.

Question 19

A zygote divides to form

a sperm cell and an ovum.
two zygotes.
two daughter cells.
two sperm cells.

Question 20

The neural crest

is just anterior to the neural tube.
is the bottom of the neural tube.
develops into the PNS.
develops into the spinal cord.

Question 21

Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?

pituitary
cerebellum
optic chiasm
hypothalamus

Question 22

Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have

eyes that do not converge.
two eyes.
color vision.
two eyes side by side on the front of the head.

Question 23

Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA
glycine
epinephrine
glutamate

Question 24

Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the

the left parietal lobe.
the right parietal lobe.
the right secondary motor cortex.
either temporal lobe.

Question 25

Cocaine and amphetamines are

antischizophrenic drugs.
dopamine agonists.
serotonin antagonists.
dopamine antagonists.

Question 26

Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are

lateral geniculate cells.
bipolar cells.
retinal ganglion cells.
amacrine cells.

Question 27

In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are

case studies.
true experiments.
quasiexperiments
randomized experiments.

Question 28

Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus

stores most long-term memories.
stores all long-term memories.
temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.
temporarily consolidates short-term memories.

Question 29

In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the

dependent variable.
confounded variable.
correlated variable.
all of the above.

Question 30

The functions of the occipital cortex are largely

motor
visual
auditory
olfactory

Question 31

The first major phase of neurodevelopment is induction of the

neural tube.
neural grove.
growth cones.
neural plate.

Question 32

Neurons that fire in response to making a particular response, observing somebody else making the response, or just thinking about the response are called

supplementary motor neurons.
premotor neurons.
mirror neurons.
somatotopic neurons.

Question 33

The study of which of the following amnesic patients seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory?

Question 34

Research has now established that the brain is

static
plastic
immutable
white

Question 35

The soma is

often myelinated.
the cell body.
next to the nucleus.
smaller than a terminal button.

Question 36

Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results?

independent variables.
dependent variables.
constant variables.
confounded variables.

Question 37

The patellar tendon reflex is a

withdrawal reflex.
reciprocal reflex.
stretch reflex.
recurrent reflex.

Question 38

Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the

cornea
fovea
pupil
retina

Question 39

The receptive fields of complex cortical cells are usually __________ than those of simple cortical cells.

bigger
smaller
more circular
less circular

Question 40

Prosopagnosics

can usually recognize a face as a face.
have difficulty telling one face from another.
report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole.
all of the above

Question 41

“Encephalon” means within the

forebrain
brain stem.
head
cerebral hemispheres.

Question 42

What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?

its focus on the study of behavior.
its focus on animal subjects.
its focus on psychiatric disorders.
its focus on psychoactive drugs.

Question 43

Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as

association cortex.
motor cortex.
secondary sensory cortex.
primary sensory cortex.

Question 44

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be

polarized
depolarized
hypopolarized
hyperpolarized

Question 45

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about

186,000 miles per second.
1 meter per second.
60 meters per second.
100 meters per second.

Question 46

Developing cells that have the potential to develop into neurons of any type but into no other class of body cells are said to be

multipotent
totipotent
multipolar
unipolar

Question 47

Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is classified as

psychophysiological
neuropathic
pheromonal
psychophysical

Question 48

Neurons without axons do not

generate action potentials.
exist
exist in mammals.
exist in humans.

Question 49

For humans, sounds are those molecular vibrations between about __________ hertz.

20 and 20,000
200 and 2,000
200 and 8,000
20 and 200

Question 50

Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by

gamma efferents.
spindle afferents.
extrafusal motor pools.
Golgi tendon organs.

Question 51

The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.

serotonin
glutamate
dopamine
GABA

Question 52

Which structure is part of a neural loop including the cortex and the basal ganglia?

vestibular nucleus
cerebellum
thalamus
substantia nigra

Question 53

Astereognosia and asomatognosia are the two major types of

touch blindness.
apraxia
somatosensory agnosia.
stereognosis

Question 54

Evidence suggests that humans have about __________ different types of olfactory receptors.

Question 55

Transduction refers to the

disappearance of visual stimuli.
transmission of sensory signals to the cortex.
transmission of visual signals to the cortex.
conversion of one form of energy to another.

Question 56

In a classic study of the effects of adult experience on the human brain, the area of right somatosensory cortex receiving input from the left hand was found to be bigger in

African drummers.
tennis players.
piano players.
musicians who fingered stringed instruments with the left hand.

Question 57

About how many motor neurons are there in the typical motor unit?

1
100
1,000
150

Question 58

An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as

hierarchical cortex.
primary sensory cortex.
secondary sensory cortex.
association cortex.

Question 59

Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is

biopsychological research.
case-study research.
correlational research.
applied research.

Question 60

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more

neurotransmitters
Na ⁺ ions
K ⁺ ions
nuclei

Question 61

The large cortical ridges between fissures are called

sulci
pyramids
gyri
commissures

Question 62

A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right

premotor area.
posterior parietal lobe.
dorsolateral frontal lobe.
primary motor area.

Question 63

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one’s life are __________ memories.

procedural
episodic
remote
implicit

Question 64

Which of the following receives information from various parts of the cortex and feeds it back to motor cortex?

basal ganglia
cerebellum
reticular formation
substantia nigra

Question 65

Illustrated here is the cortical area most commonly linked to the perception of pain: the

anterior cingulate cortex.
periaqueductal gray matter.
gate control cortex.
dorsolateral frontal cortex.

Question 66

Neuron death

is a stage of normal early neural development.
is rare in healthy humans until after puberty.
is a common, but unfortunate, consequence of accidental exposure to neural gradients.
is always followed by regeneration.

Question 67

Difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is

visual agnosia.
visual prosopagnosia.
visual simultanagnosia.
visual ageusia.

Question 68

Many individuals with schizophrenia have

regular EEG waves.
difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects.
irregular heartbeats.
both A and C.

Question 69

There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is

dopamine
acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
norepinephrine

Question 70

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be

association cortex.
secondary visual cortex.
primary visual cortex.
primary cortex.

Question 71

The subarachnoid space is just outside the

neocortex
arachnoid membrane.
arachnoid mater.
pia mater.

Question 72

The neural plate is a patch of

ectodermal tissue.
medoderm
endodermal tissue.
growth cones.

Question 73

Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?

0%
8%
21%
100%

Question 74

Alzheimer’s amnesia is usually studied in

predementia Alzheimer’s patients.
advanced cases of Alzheimer’s disease.
neuropsychological patients with mediodorsal nucleus damage.
neuropsychological patients with medial temporal lobe damage.

Question 75

How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?

12
31
62
billions

Question 76

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

ANS and CNS.
SNS and CNS.
PNS and CNS.
ANS and PNS.

Question 77

According to Land’s retinex theory, an object’s color depends on

its reflectance.
the color of the wavelengths that it reflects.
the dominant color of the various wavelengths that it reflects.
the particular wavelengths that it reflects.

Question 78

When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers of its motor

unit contract together.
pool contract together.
equivalence contract together.
feedback contract together.

Question 79

Both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome are often associated with

intellectual disabilities.
talkativeness
emotional insensitivity.
severe language problems.

Question 80

Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles?

pupil constriction
accommodation
tracking
both A and B

Question 81

Perseverative errors are often made by children between the ages of

3 to 5 months.
7 to 12 months.
2 to 4 years.
4 to 8 years.

Question 82

In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.

400
4,000
40,000
400,000

Question 83

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

is faster than in unmyelinated axons.
is slower than in unmyelinated axons.
requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons.
is always inhibitory.

Question 84

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body’s energy?

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 85

How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys?

4
7
about 12
more than 30

Question 86

Hemispherectomized patients feel

no pain.
no pain from the contralateral side of the body.
no pain from the ipsilateral side of the body.
pain from both sides of the body.

Question 87

Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?

prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamu

Question 88

Anosmia typically results when the olfactory receptor cells are sheared by the

septum
olfactory mucosa.
cribriform plate.
chorda tympani.

Question 89

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the

limbic system.
somatosensory system.
basal ganglia.
thalamus

Question 90

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?

physiological psychology
psychopharmacology
neuropsychology
experimental psychology

Question 91

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the

threshold of excitation.
threshold of inhibition.
absolute refractory period.
relative refractory period.

Question 92

Primary somatosensory cortex is in the

postcentral gyrus.
precentral gyrus.
occipital lobe.
frontal lobe.

Question 93

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

Question 94

Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the

left parietal lobe
right parietal lobe.
right frontal lobe.
right temporal lobe.

Question 95

The ability to focus on only a small subset of the stimuli that are being received by sensory organs is called

subliminal perception.
selective attention.
subliminal attention.
sensory focus.

Question 96

It has been suggested that human infants between 7 and 12 months old make perseverative errors because they do not have a fully developed

cortex
prefrontal cortex.
hippocampus
motor system.

Question 97

The main source of the brain’s acetylcholine is the

frontal cortex.
hippocampus
basal forebrain.
mammillary bodies.

Question 98

It has been estimated that over half the neurons of the brain are in a structure that constitutes only 10% of the brain’s total mass. This structure is the

neocortex
cerebellum
hippocampus
corpus callosum.

Question 99

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called

neurons
glial cells.
axons
sulci

Question 100

Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.

reference
working
place
inclusive

ANSWERS

Question 1

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

lateral ventricles.
third and fourth ventricles.
fourth ventricle and the central canal.
left and right hemispheres.

Correct Answer: third and fourth ventricles.

Question 2

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing “The Organization of Behavior” is

Sperry
Hebb
Lashley
Milner

Correct Answer: Hebb

Question 3

Endorphins are

Neuropeptides
Monoamines
adrenergic
Serotonergic

Correct Answer: neuropeptides

Question 4

The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.

emotional; sensorimotor
visual; temporal
spatial; visual
sensory; emotional

Correct Answer: emotional; sensorimotor

Question 5…

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(Answer) PSYU 333 – Physiological Psychology – Midterm