QUESTIONS (Answers are immediately below the questions)
Question 1
The cerebral aqueduct connects the
- lateral ventricles.
- third and fourth ventricles.
- fourth ventricle and the central canal.
- left and right hemispheres.
Question 2
The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing “The Organization of Behavior” is
- Sperry
- Hebb
- Lashley
- Milner
Question 3
Endorphins are
- Neuropeptides
- Monoamines
- adrenergic
- Serotonergic
Question 4
The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.
- emotional; sensorimotor
- visual; temporal
- spatial; visual
- sensory; emotional
Question 5
Most of the cones are concentrated in the
- nasal hemiretinas.
- temporal hemiretinas.
- foveas
- periphery of the retinas.
Question 6
Another name for primary visual cortex is
- lateral geniculate cortex.
- retinocortes
- striate cortex.
- optic cortex.
Question 7
The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for
- spatial locations.
- sounds
- names
- odors
Question 8
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.
- agonists
- antagonists
- autoreceptors
- endorphins
Question 9
At 18 days after conception, this structure becomes visible in the developing embryo; it is the neural
- mesoderm
- tube
- plate
- floor
Question 10
In the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- acetylcholine
- dopamine
Question 11
Action potentials are produced by the
- opening of voltage-activated sodium channels.
- closing of ligand-activated chloride channels.
- opening of ligand-activated potassium channels.
- closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.
Question 12
A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called
- apraxia
- asomatognosia
- Sterognosia
- Asterognosia
Question 13
The first evidence that new neurons can be created in the brains of adult vertebrates came in the 1980s from the study of
- the hippocampus.
- the olfactory bulbs.
- songbirds
- hamsters
Question 14
Which of the following is a small indentation?
- fovea
- retina
- amacrine layer
- pupil
Question 15
Myelination
- causes neural degeneration.
- penetrates the blood brain barrier.
- increases the speed of axonal conduction.
- increases the speed of synaptic transmission.
Question 16
Bilateral destruction of which of the following auditory structures would be most likely to produce complete and permanent hearing loss?
- primary auditory cortex
- superior colliculus
- cochlear nerve
- association cortex
Question 17
Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease because
- dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS.
- Parkinson’s disease is a cholinergic dysfunction.
- Parkinson’s disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction.
- dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Question 18
A change in the brain that stores a memory is called
- LTP
- an engram.
- a memorial.
- synaptic facilitation.
Question 19
A zygote divides to form
- a sperm cell and an ovum.
- two zygotes.
- two daughter cells.
- two sperm cells.
Question 20
The neural crest
- is just anterior to the neural tube.
- is the bottom of the neural tube.
- develops into the PNS.
- develops into the spinal cord.
Question 21
Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?
- pituitary
- cerebellum
- optic chiasm
- hypothalamus
Question 22
Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have
- eyes that do not converge.
- two eyes.
- color vision.
- two eyes side by side on the front of the head.
Question 23
Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
- GABA
- glycine
- epinephrine
- glutamate
Question 24
Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the
- the left parietal lobe.
- the right parietal lobe.
- the right secondary motor cortex.
- either temporal lobe.
Question 25
Cocaine and amphetamines are
- antischizophrenic drugs.
- dopamine agonists.
- serotonin antagonists.
- dopamine antagonists.
Question 26
Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are
- lateral geniculate cells.
- bipolar cells.
- retinal ganglion cells.
- amacrine cells.
Question 27
In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are
- case studies.
- true experiments.
- quasiexperiments
- randomized experiments.
Question 28
Because H.M.’s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus
- stores most long-term memories.
- stores all long-term memories.
- temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.
- temporarily consolidates short-term memories.
Question 29
In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the
- dependent variable.
- confounded variable.
- correlated variable.
- all of the above.
Question 30
The functions of the occipital cortex are largely
- motor
- visual
- auditory
- olfactory
Question 31
The first major phase of neurodevelopment is induction of the
- neural tube.
- neural grove.
- growth cones.
- neural plate.
Question 32
Neurons that fire in response to making a particular response, observing somebody else making the response, or just thinking about the response are called
- supplementary motor neurons.
- premotor neurons.
- mirror neurons.
- somatotopic neurons.
Question 33
The study of which of the following amnesic patients seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory?
- B.
- A.
- B.
- P.
Question 34
Research has now established that the brain is
- static
- plastic
- immutable
- white
Question 35
The soma is
- often myelinated.
- the cell body.
- next to the nucleus.
- smaller than a terminal button.
Question 36
Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results?
- independent variables.
- dependent variables.
- constant variables.
- confounded variables.
Question 37
The patellar tendon reflex is a
- withdrawal reflex.
- reciprocal reflex.
- stretch reflex.
- recurrent reflex.
Question 38
Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the
- cornea
- fovea
- pupil
- retina
Question 39
The receptive fields of complex cortical cells are usually __________ than those of simple cortical cells.
- bigger
- smaller
- more circular
- less circular
Question 40
Prosopagnosics
- can usually recognize a face as a face.
- have difficulty telling one face from another.
- report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole.
- all of the above
Question 41
“Encephalon” means within the
- forebrain
- brain stem.
- head
- cerebral hemispheres.
Question 42
What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?
- its focus on the study of behavior.
- its focus on animal subjects.
- its focus on psychiatric disorders.
- its focus on psychoactive drugs.
Question 43
Areas of neocortex that receive most of their input from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system are classified as
- association cortex.
- motor cortex.
- secondary sensory cortex.
- primary sensory cortex.
Question 44
In its resting state, a neuron is said to be
- polarized
- depolarized
- hypopolarized
- hyperpolarized
Question 45
In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about
- 186,000 miles per second.
- 1 meter per second.
- 60 meters per second.
- 100 meters per second.
Question 46
Developing cells that have the potential to develop into neurons of any type but into no other class of body cells are said to be
- multipotent
- totipotent
- multipolar
- unipolar
Question 47
Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is classified as
- psychophysiological
- neuropathic
- pheromonal
- psychophysical
Question 48
Neurons without axons do not
- generate action potentials.
- exist
- exist in mammals.
- exist in humans.
Question 49
For humans, sounds are those molecular vibrations between about __________ hertz.
- 20 and 20,000
- 200 and 2,000
- 200 and 8,000
- 20 and 200
Question 50
Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by
- gamma efferents.
- spindle afferents.
- extrafusal motor pools.
- Golgi tendon organs.
Question 51
The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.
- serotonin
- glutamate
- dopamine
- GABA
Question 52
Which structure is part of a neural loop including the cortex and the basal ganglia?
- vestibular nucleus
- cerebellum
- thalamus
- substantia nigra
Question 53
Astereognosia and asomatognosia are the two major types of
- touch blindness.
- apraxia
- somatosensory agnosia.
- stereognosis
Question 54
Evidence suggests that humans have about __________ different types of olfactory receptors.
- 5
- 7
- 16
- 300
Question 55
Transduction refers to the
- disappearance of visual stimuli.
- transmission of sensory signals to the cortex.
- transmission of visual signals to the cortex.
- conversion of one form of energy to another.
Question 56
In a classic study of the effects of adult experience on the human brain, the area of right somatosensory cortex receiving input from the left hand was found to be bigger in
- African drummers.
- tennis players.
- piano players.
- musicians who fingered stringed instruments with the left hand.
Question 57
About how many motor neurons are there in the typical motor unit?
- 1
- 100
- 1,000
- 150
Question 58
An area of cerebral cortex that receives substantial input from more than one sensory system is classified as
- hierarchical cortex.
- primary sensory cortex.
- secondary sensory cortex.
- association cortex.
Question 59
Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is
- biopsychological research.
- case-study research.
- correlational research.
- applied research.
Question 60
Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more
- neurotransmitters
- Na + ions
- K + ions
- nuclei
Question 61
The large cortical ridges between fissures are called
- sulci
- pyramids
- gyri
- commissures
Question 62
A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right
- premotor area.
- posterior parietal lobe.
- dorsolateral frontal lobe.
- primary motor area.
Question 63
Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one’s life are __________ memories.
- procedural
- episodic
- remote
- implicit
Question 64
Which of the following receives information from various parts of the cortex and feeds it back to motor cortex?
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
- reticular formation
- substantia nigra
Question 65
Illustrated here is the cortical area most commonly linked to the perception of pain: the
- anterior cingulate cortex.
- periaqueductal gray matter.
- gate control cortex.
- dorsolateral frontal cortex.
Question 66
Neuron death
- is a stage of normal early neural development.
- is rare in healthy humans until after puberty.
- is a common, but unfortunate, consequence of accidental exposure to neural gradients.
- is always followed by regeneration.
Question 67
Difficulty in attending to more than one visual object at a time is
- visual agnosia.
- visual prosopagnosia.
- visual simultanagnosia.
- visual ageusia.
Question 68
Many individuals with schizophrenia have
- regular EEG waves.
- difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects.
- irregular heartbeats.
- both A and C.
Question 69
There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is
- dopamine
- acetylcholine
- acetylcholinesterase
- norepinephrine
Question 70
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be
- association cortex.
- secondary visual cortex.
- primary visual cortex.
- primary cortex.
Question 71
The subarachnoid space is just outside the
- neocortex
- arachnoid membrane.
- arachnoid mater.
- pia mater.
Question 72
The neural plate is a patch of
- ectodermal tissue.
- medoderm
- endodermal tissue.
- growth cones.
Question 73
Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?
- 0%
- 8%
- 21%
- 100%
Question 74
Alzheimer’s amnesia is usually studied in
- predementia Alzheimer’s patients.
- advanced cases of Alzheimer’s disease.
- neuropsychological patients with mediodorsal nucleus damage.
- neuropsychological patients with medial temporal lobe damage.
Question 75
How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?
- 12
- 31
- 62
- billions
Question 76
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
- ANS and CNS.
- SNS and CNS.
- PNS and CNS.
- ANS and PNS.
Question 77
According to Land’s retinex theory, an object’s color depends on
- its reflectance.
- the color of the wavelengths that it reflects.
- the dominant color of the various wavelengths that it reflects.
- the particular wavelengths that it reflects.
Question 78
When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers of its motor
- unit contract together.
- pool contract together.
- equivalence contract together.
- feedback contract together.
Question 79
Both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome are often associated with
- intellectual disabilities.
- talkativeness
- emotional insensitivity.
- severe language problems.
Question 80
Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles?
- pupil constriction
- accommodation
- tracking
- both A and B
Question 81
Perseverative errors are often made by children between the ages of
- 3 to 5 months.
- 7 to 12 months.
- 2 to 4 years.
- 4 to 8 years.
Question 82
In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.
- 400
- 4,000
- 40,000
- 400,000
Question 83
Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons
- is faster than in unmyelinated axons.
- is slower than in unmyelinated axons.
- requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons.
- is always inhibitory.
Question 84
Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body’s energy?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system.
Question 85
How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys?
- 4
- 7
- about 12
- more than 30
Question 86
Hemispherectomized patients feel
- no pain.
- no pain from the contralateral side of the body.
- no pain from the ipsilateral side of the body.
- pain from both sides of the body.
Question 87
Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?
- prefrontal cortex
- occipital cortex
- corpus callosum
- hypothalamu
Question 88
Anosmia typically results when the olfactory receptor cells are sheared by the
- septum
- olfactory mucosa.
- cribriform plate.
- chorda tympani.
Question 89
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the
- limbic system.
- somatosensory system.
- basal ganglia.
- thalamus
Question 90
Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?
- physiological psychology
- psychopharmacology
- neuropsychology
- experimental psychology
Question 91
The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the
- threshold of excitation.
- threshold of inhibition.
- absolute refractory period.
- relative refractory period.
Question 92
Primary somatosensory cortex is in the
- postcentral gyrus.
- precentral gyrus.
- occipital lobe.
- frontal lobe.
Question 93
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
- 3
- 4
- 2
- 12
Question 94
Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the
- left parietal lobe
- right parietal lobe.
- right frontal lobe.
- right temporal lobe.
Question 95
The ability to focus on only a small subset of the stimuli that are being received by sensory organs is called
- subliminal perception.
- selective attention.
- subliminal attention.
- sensory focus.
Question 96
It has been suggested that human infants between 7 and 12 months old make perseverative errors because they do not have a fully developed
- cortex
- prefrontal cortex.
- hippocampus
- motor system.
Question 97
The main source of the brain’s acetylcholine is the
- frontal cortex.
- hippocampus
- basal forebrain.
- mammillary bodies.
Question 98
It has been estimated that over half the neurons of the brain are in a structure that constitutes only 10% of the brain’s total mass. This structure is the
- neocortex
- cerebellum
- hippocampus
- corpus callosum.
Question 99
The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called
- neurons
- glial cells.
- axons
- sulci
Question 100
Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.
- reference
- working
- place
- inclusive
ANSWERS
Question 1
The cerebral aqueduct connects the
- lateral ventricles.
- third and fourth ventricles.
- fourth ventricle and the central canal.
- left and right hemispheres.
Correct Answer: third and fourth ventricles.
Question 2
The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing “The Organization of Behavior” is
- Sperry
- Hebb
- Lashley
- Milner
Correct Answer: Hebb
Question 3
Endorphins are
- Neuropeptides
- Monoamines
- adrenergic
- Serotonergic
Correct Answer: neuropeptides
Question 4
The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.
- emotional; sensorimotor
- visual; temporal
- spatial; visual
- sensory; emotional
Correct Answer: emotional; sensorimotor
Question 5…
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